Types of Miscarriage

Types of Miscarriage

Miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy before 24 weeks of gestation. It is a common event, affecting up to 20% of all pregnancies. In the majority of cases, no cause for the miscarriage is discovered; it is believed, however, that most first-trimester...
The Scalp

The Scalp

The scalp is the area of the head that is bordered by the face at the front and the neck at the sides and back. The layers of the scalp It is classically described as having five layers with the helpful mnemonic ‘SCALP’: Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose...
Practice Questions for the MRCEM Intermediate SBA Exam

Practice Questions for the MRCEM Intermediate SBA Exam

The MRCEM Intermediate SBA examination is the second part of the MRCEM examination and is sat twice yearly. The MRCEM exam has recently been restructured. Previously, the FRCEM Intermediate exam followed a short answer question (SAQ) format. Following the name change...
Practice Questions for the MRCEM Primary Exam

Practice Questions for the MRCEM Primary Exam

The MRCEM Primary is a daunting and notoriously difficult prospect and also represents the first step towards achieving a training post in Emergency Medicine and ultimately entering the Specialist Register. The MRCEM Primary examination is sat twice yearly. The paper...
Common Antidotes Used in Toxicology

Common Antidotes Used in Toxicology

An antidote is an agent that counteracts the effects of a poison, toxin, or harmful substance on the body. They are specifically designed to neutralise or reverse the toxic effects caused by the substance, mitigating or preventing further harm and promoting...
Confounding, Bias and Effect Modification

Confounding, Bias and Effect Modification

Confounding factors A confounding factor is a variable that is associated with both the outcome of interest and the exposure of interest. In this constellation, the exposure of interest appears (spuriously) to be associated with the outcome of interest, while in...