Exam Tips
Paediatric Intravenous Fluid Prescribing – Physiology of Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for the well-being of children, and subtle imbalances can have significant consequences. Children are susceptible to dehydration and volume depletion and have different fluid requirements from adults. The improper...
Testicular Torsion: A Comprehensive Guide
Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency that requires prompt recognition and intervention. This condition occurs when the spermatic cord, which provides blood supply to the testicle, becomes twisted, leading to compromised blood flow and potentially irreversible...
Diuretics
Diuretics are a group of drugs that act on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water. They are most commonly used to reduce oedema in congestive cardiac failure, some renal diseases and hepatic cirrhosis. Some diuretics, most notably the...
Croup – A Guide for Medical Students and Doctors
Croup, also known as laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis, is a common respiratory condition predominantly affecting young children between 6 months and three years old. It affects approximately 3% of children annually and is most commonly seen between September and December....
Types of Miscarriage
Miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy before 24 weeks of gestation. It is a common event, affecting up to 20% of all pregnancies. In the majority of cases, no cause for the miscarriage is discovered; it is believed, however, that most first-trimester...
The Scalp
The scalp is the area of the head that is bordered by the face at the front and the neck at the sides and back.The layers of the scalp It is classically described as having five layers with the helpful mnemonic ‘SCALP’: Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose...
Practice Questions for the MRCEM Intermediate SBA Exam
The MRCEM Intermediate SBA examination is the second part of the MRCEM examination and is sat twice yearly. The MRCEM exam has recently been restructured. Previously, the FRCEM Intermediate exam followed a short answer question (SAQ) format. Following the name change...
Practice Questions for the MRCEM Primary Exam
The MRCEM Primary is a daunting and notoriously difficult prospect and also represents the first step towards achieving a training post in Emergency Medicine and ultimately entering the Specialist Register. The MRCEM Primary examination is sat twice yearly. The paper...
Common Antidotes Used in Toxicology
An antidote is an agent that counteracts the effects of a poison, toxin, or harmful substance on the body. They are specifically designed to neutralise or reverse the toxic effects caused by the substance, mitigating or preventing further harm and promoting...
Confounding, Bias and Effect Modification
Confounding factors A confounding factor is a variable that is associated with both the outcome of interest and the exposure of interest. In this constellation, the exposure of interest appears (spuriously) to be associated with the outcome of interest, while in...
